Silica applied as mixed matrix membrane inorganic filler for gas separation: a review

Table 5 Optimum gas permeability of several mixed matrix membranes containing silica particles

Type of silica	Polymer matrix	Range of silica loading (%)	Optimum silica loading (%)	Optimum permeability (× 10^− 10 mol m^− 1 s^− 1 MPa^− 1)				Measurement condition	Ref
Type of silica	Polymer matrix	Range of silica loading (%)	Optimum silica loading (%)	CO₂	O₂	CH₄	H₂	Measurement condition	Ref
Non-porous silica	PIM-1	6.7–23.5	23.5	44,890	12,495.5	–	24,086.5	23 °C 0.345 MPa	[19]
	PVDF	4–32	32	8.88	1.20	–	–	–	[5]
	P84 co-polyimide	4–25	25	10.02	6.77	–	–	–	[24]
	ETPU	5–15	15	16.21	–	1.27	–	25 °C 0.6 MPa	[44]
	ESPU	5–15	15	28.60	–	1.74	–	25 °C 0.6 MPa	[44]
	PU	1–10	1	150.75	17.09	22.45	–	25 °C 0.1–0.4 MPa	[59]
	PSf	5–20	20	66.00	16.75	3.69	–	–	[62]
Microporous silica	PBI	2.8–20	20	0.04	–	0.03	–	25 °C 2 MPa	[17]
	6FDA-6FpDA-DABA	0.5–3.0	1	93.80	20.10	–	–	35 °C 0.1 MPa	[26]
	SPEEK	5–20	20	87.44	–	5.03	–	25 °C 0.2 MPa	[38]
	PPO	1–20	20	4465.55	–	–	13,085.1	25 °C 0.2 MPa	[49]
	PU	2.5–30	2.5	223.45	12.70	12.13	–	20 °C 1 MPa	[50]
	PBO-6FAHP-BTC	10–20	20	2388.55	375.20	921.25	–	25 °C 0.1 MPa	[61]
Mesoporous silica	PI	4–16	8	50.25	–	81.07	46.57	35 °C 0.175 MPa	[9]
	PI	1.5–13.7	13.7	4.92	1.94	–	–	25 °C	[6]
	PE	7.9–10.3	8.6	64.99	21.51	–	–	30 °C	[11]
	PVDF	4–32	32	9.55	1.37	–	–	–	[5]
	PES	5–20	20	12.93	2.18	0.44	–	25 °C 0.8 MPa	[33]
	PSf	10–20	20	95.48	–	4.92	–	35 MPa	[34]
	6FDA-DAM-DABA	10–20	20	1222.42	–	37.19	–	35 MPa	[34]
	PEBAX	5–20	20	2519.2	–	132.66	–	25 °C 0.2 MPa	[36]
	PEBAX/PEI	5–20	20	5095.35	–	124.29	–	25 °C 0.2 MPa	[36]

PIM-1 soluble type of polymers of intrinsic micro porosity, PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride, P84 co-polyimide BTDA-TDI/MDI co-polyimide, ETPU polyetherurethane, ESPU polyesterurethane, PU polyurethane, PSf polysulfone, PBI polybenzimidazole, 6FDA-6FpDA-DABA (4,4-hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride) – (4,4-hexafluoroisopropylidene dianiline) – (3,5-diaminobenzoic acid), SPEEK sulfonated polyether ether ketone, PBO-6FAHP-BTC (polybenzoxazole) – (2,2-bis 3-amino-4-hydro-xyphenyl hexafluoropropane) – (1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyltrichloride), PI polyimide, PE polyethylene, PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride, PES polyestersulfone, 6FDA-DAM-DABA (4,4’hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride) – (2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-diaminobenzene) – (3,5-diaminobenzoic acid), PEI polyethyleneimine, PEBAX polyether block amide. (−) not mentioned

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