Fig. 5

Accumulation and daily water flux of the thermo-MFC and meso-MFC using open- or closed-circuit modes. The average water fluxes are 36.5 and 31.1 L m^− 2 d^− 1) for the closed- and open-circuit thermo-MFCs, which are higher than 16.2 and 6.3 L m^− 2 d^− 1 for the closed- and open-circuit meso-MFCs, respectively